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Elevated Blood Sugar: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management
Causes of Elevated Blood Sugar
High blood sugar, medically known as hyperglycemia, occurs when the body has too much glucose in the bloodstream. The primary cause is a lack of insulin, a hormone that helps glucose enter cells for energy use.
Other factors contributing to elevated blood sugar include:
- Diabetes mellitus
- Impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance
- Certain medications (e.g., steroids, beta-blockers)
- Stress
- Physical inactivity
- Diet high in carbohydrates
In diabetes mellitus, the body either does not produce enough insulin (type 1) or does not use insulin effectively (type 2). This leads to an accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream.
Symptoms of Elevated Blood Sugar
Initially, elevated blood sugar may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as glucose levels rise, symptoms may develop, including:
- Frequent urination
- Excessive thirst
- Increased hunger
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing sores
- Unexplained weight loss
Severe hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS), both of which are life-threatening emergencies.
Diagnosis of Elevated Blood Sugar
Elevated blood sugar is diagnosed through blood tests. A fasting blood glucose test measures glucose levels after an overnight fast. A random blood glucose test can be performed at any time.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends the following blood sugar levels for adults:
- Fasting: Less than 100 mg/dL
- Random: Less than 140 mg/dL
Levels above these thresholds may indicate elevated blood sugar.
Management of Elevated Blood Sugar
Managing elevated blood sugar is crucial for preventing complications. Treatment options may include:
- Medication: Insulin or oral medications
- Dietary changes: Reducing carbohydrate intake, increasing fiber
- Physical activity: Regular exercise
- Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight
- Blood glucose monitoring: Regularly checking blood sugar levels
In some cases, lifestyle changes may be sufficient to control blood sugar levels. However, for individuals with diabetes, medication is usually necessary.
Effective management of elevated blood sugar is essential for preventing long-term complications, such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and nerve damage.
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